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Integrating Research

Quoting

The image below shows how a quotation is an exact replication of another source. A quote's presence is indicated through both a citation and the use of quotation marks " " around the material that has been copied and pasted. 

A cat is sharing an example of a direct quote that states "cats can be used to engage intense emotional responses in users" (Macleod, 2014, para. 11).

 

Quotation Examples

Method of Research Integration
Example
Explanation
Quotation (Narrative Citation)  Hall (2018) confirmed that “a therapy dog on campus throughout the semester helped significantly decrease students’ symptoms of anxiety” (pp. 204-205).
  • Reporting verbs like "confirmed" help introduce quotations.
  • Quotation marks “_” go around copy and pasted (quoted) material.
Quotation (Parenthetical Citation) Therapy dogs can be useful for everyone, and anecdotally, even “nursing faculty might also benefit from a therapy dog’s presence” (Hall, 2018, p. 205).
  • Framing with voice/explanation can contextualize quoted material.
Altered Quotation This study found that “[nursing students] demonstrated a variety of activities while interacting with the therapy dog…[like] using a toy to play fetch or asking the dog to do a trick and then rewarding the dog with a treat” (Hall, 2018, p. 204).
  • Square brackets [ ] let you add clarifying material that was not in the original text.
  • Elipses … tell your reader that you have removed part of a longer quotation.

References

Hall, D. (2018). Nursing campus therapy dog: a pilot study. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 13(4), 202-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2018.05.004

Macleod, I. (2014, November 28). A purr-fect way to go viral? A look at why cat memes are so popular. The Drum. https://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/11/28/purr-fect-way-go-viral-look-why-cat-memes-are-so-popular

 

 

Paraphrasing

The image below shows how paraphrasing is when you put another’s ideas into your own words​. While the idea stays the same, the way it is articulated is new and unique. Paraphrases require a citation and a reference.

A striped cat paraphrases the words of a white cat by taking a direct quote and changing the sentence structure and words used.

Detailed Image Explanation

The cat on the right is directly quoting Macleod (2014). We can tell this is a quotation because of the quotation marks around his statement, "cats can be used to engage intense emotional responses in users" (para. 11). The cat on the left has taken the key ideas from the Macleod quotation and instead paraphrased them by explaining the ideas in his own words.  The paraphrasing cat writes that the use of cat images online can elicit strong emotional reactions (Macleod, 2014, para. 11).

 

How to Paraphrase

Question mark1. Choose what to paraphrase​

  • read the whole article and understand the main argument
  • decide what information you want to include in your paper
  • jot down notes, images & questions in the margins

arrow2. Put the source aside & write down the key ideas​

  • look away from the original
  • if you need to, write down short notes on separate paper

pencil3. Write up your draft​ paraphrase

bullseye4. Compare with the original & make changes​

  • do I need to alter the sentence structure? 
  • can I look for any synonyms? 
  • did I maintain the original's exact meaning?

quote marks5. Cite and Reference​ 

 

Paraphrasing Integration Examples

Method of Research Integration Example Explanation
Paraphrase (Narrative Citation)  Creagan et al. (2015) have argued that this type of therapy is so successful because petting animals encourages the production of chemicals essential to brain function (p. 102). Reporting verbs like "argued" can help you introduce paraphrased material.
Paraphrase (Parenthetical Citation)  In a pilot study of 109 nursing students, a semester of therapy dog programming on campus contributed to a decrease in reported anxiety symptoms (Hall, 2018, p. 205). Framing with details from the source's methods contextualize paraphrased material and help the reader to gauge its reliability

 
  • try not to have 3+ words in a row that are identical to the original to avoid patchwriting (a failed attempt at paraphrasing that too closely mimics the original)
  • you can keep specific terminology or words that cannot be changed in a paraphrase-- not every word must be new
  • a paraphrase is usually about the same length as the original
  • do not change the original's meaning or misrepresent information; imagine the original author saw your paraphrasing of their work-- you want them to feel like their ideas were fairly represented

Summarizing

A summary is a concise and general restatement of a source's ideas and findings using your own words and sentence structure. It is usually 1/3 of the length of the original source if the source is in an article format, but larger works, such as books, may not follow this rule.  Ask your instructor for specifics. 

A summary must include the following pieces

  • subject 
  • thesis/purpose, and 
  • main arguments/points 

A summary may include

  • author's credibility, 
  • methods used (for original research), and 
  • limitations/biases 

  1. Read the source carefully 
  2. Highlight the thesis or argument and reword it using your own words 
  3. State key ideas or main points using your own words 
  4. Write general ideas; avoid using specific examples from the source 
  5. Provide a reference on a separate page. Ask your instructor for specific requirements 

In the first or second line of the summary, include the title of the source, the author's last name, and the year of publication. Follow APA @ Conestoga format for titles in a paper. Because you are not using specific examples or evidence in your summary, you do not need to include an in-text citation with author, year, page/paragraph number. 

        The article “Using Technology in the Classroom” by August et al. (2012) described the impact of various types of technology on student learning. Technology has improved students’ ability to manipulate and absorb learning concepts. Statistics outlining the rate at which students absorb information using technology compared to traditional learning methods are given in this article. The authors illustrated how cognitive development can be enhanced through the use of appropriate technology. A focus on implementation of pedagogy in relation to the use of technology is also addressed. 

 

Elements to Notice 

  • The example uses paragraph structure, so be sure to indent each new paragraph. 
  • The citation is provided within the first sentence of the summary and includes title, authors, and year. 
  • The thesis of the original text is provided using new words and a new sentence structure. 
  • The main points of the original text are shown in the summary text using new words and new sentence structures, but appear in the same order of the original text.