If the author's name is Jane Doe,
Use the last name in citations.
Parenthetical Citation Example
(Doe, 2012, p. 93)
Narrative Citation Example
Doe (2012) … (p. 93)
If the author's name is John Marc Smith, assume that
Use the last name in citations.
Parenthetical Citation Example
(Smith, 2013, p. 421)
Narrative Citation Example
Smith (2013) … (p. 421)
The first last name is treated as a middle initial in the reference unless it is known that the author uses both last names. Therefore, use only the last name for citations.
If the author's name is Margaret Mclean Heitkemper,
Use only the last name in citations.
Parenthetical Citation Example
(Heitkemper, 2009, p. 15)
Narrative Citation Example
Heitkemper (2009) … (p. 15)
If there are two authors with the same last name but different first initials, include the first initial followed by a period before the last name in the citation.
Parenthetical Citation Example
(J. Miller, 2010, p. 32)
(L. Miller, 2007, p. 119)
Narrative Citation Example
J. Miller (2010) … (p. 32)
L. Miller (2007) … (p. 119)
If there are two authors with the same last name and the same first initial, the first name of the author should be included in the citation – even if the years of publication are different.
Include the first name followed by the last name.
Parenthetical Citation Example
(Paul Smith, 1995, p. 24)
(Pierre Smith, 2010, p. 19)
Narrative Citation Example
Paul Smith (1995) … (p. 24)
Pierre Smith (2010) … (p. 19)
If there are two different sources by the same author in the same year, put the sources in alphabetical order and add a lower-case letter after the year (this will correspond with the matching reference).
Parenthetical Citation Example
(Jones, 2001a, p. 106)
(Jones, 2001b, p. 13)
Narrative Citation Example
Jones (2001a) … (p. 106)
Jones (2001b) … (p. 13)