Reference Entries with Missing Information
Use the following table to help you create references and citations that are missing key information.
Table 1
| Missing element | Solution | Example of reference | Example of in-text citations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Place the title in the author place | Understanding Youth. (2013). eConestoga. | (Understanding Youth, 2013, p. 14). According to Understanding Youth (2013)… (p.13). |
| Date | Write “n.d.” in place of the date |
Canada Revenue Agency. (n.d.). Using your home for daycare. http://support.drtax.ca/dtmax/eng/kb/dtmax/eng/p134-13e.pdf |
(Canada Revenue Agency, n.d., p. 6). According to the Canada Revenue Agency (n.d.), … (p. 6). |
| Title | Describe the work in square brackets in place of the title |
Mosier, H. (1883). [Letter to town council regarding looting]. |
(Mosier, 1883, para. 4). Mosier (1883) suggested that… (para. 4). |
| Retrieval information | Cite as personal communication | No reference entry is required. | (J. L. Hawks, personal communication, May 12, 2020). According to J. L. Hawks (personal communication, May 12, 2020), … |
| Author and title | Describe the work in square brackets in place off the author | [Customer feedback for Toronto Zoo]. (2013). eConestoga. | ([Customer feedback for Toronto Zoo], 2013, para. 2). According to [Customer feedback for Toronto Zoo] (2013), … (para. 2). |
Note. Adapted from American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 284.